are distinct critical elements necessary to meet the National Preparedness goal, are essential for the execution of each mission area: Prevention, Mitigation, response, and Recovery, provide a common language for preparedness across the whole community Scrap means personal property that has no value except its basic metallic, mineral, or organic content. For use in subpart 11.3 for paper and paper products, see the definition at 11.301. (1) Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB) Program means a program that authorizes contracting officers to limit competition, including award on a sole source basis, to, (i) Economically disadvantaged women-owned small business (EDWOSB) concerns eligible under the WOSB Program for Federal contracts assigned a North American Industry Classification Systems (NAICS) code in an industry in which the Small Business Administration (SBA) has determined that WOSB concerns are underrepresented in Federal procurement; and. Federally-controlled information system means an information system ( 44 U.S.C. Delivery order means an order for supplies placed against an established contract or with Government sources. (1) PSC 5510, Lumber and Related Basic Wood Materials; (2) Product or service group (PSG) 87, Agricultural Supplies; (5) PSC 9410, Crude Grades of Plant Materials; (6) PSC 9430, Miscellaneous Crude Animal Products, Inedible; (7) PSC 9440, Miscellaneous Crude Agricultural and Forestry Products; (9) PSC 9620, Minerals, Natural and Synthetic; and. For use in subpart 23.5, see the definition at 23.503. Procuring activity means a component of an executive agency having a significant acquisition function and designated as such by the head of the agency. Service-disabled veteran-owned small business concern, (i) Not less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more service-disabled veterans or, in the case of any publicly owned business, not less than 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more service-disabled veterans; and. Special test equipment means either single or multipurpose integrated test units engineered, designed, fabricated, or modified to accomplish special purpose testing in performing a contract. 0 A mission statement should also define the company's corporate . Unless the contract provides otherwise, the seller or consignor is responsible for the cost of shipping and risk of loss. Classified acquisition means an acquisition in which offerors must have access to classified information to properly submit an offer or quotation, to understand the performance requirements, or to perform the contract. Consolidation or consolidated requirement, (1) Means a solicitation for a single contract, a multiple-award contract, a task order, or a delivery order to satisfy-, (i) Two or more requirements of the Federal agency for supplies or services that have been provided to or performed for the Federal agency under two or more separate contracts, each of which was lower in cost than the total cost of the contract for which offers are solicited; or. (ii) Minor modifications of a type not customarily available in the commercial marketplace made to meet Federal Government requirements. Insurance means a contract that provides that for a stipulated consideration, one party undertakes to indemnify another against loss, damage, or liability arising from an unknown or contingent event. Contiguous United States (CONUS) means the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia. It is used in solicitations when the Government intends to provide the maximum flexibility to each offeror to propose an innovative approach. Suspension means action taken by a suspending official under 9.407 to disqualify a contractor temporarily from Government contracting and Government-approved subcontracting; a contractor that is disqualified is suspended., Sustainable acquisition means acquiring goods and services in order to create and maintain conditions-, (1) Under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony; and. General and administrative (G&A) expense means any management, financial, and other expense which is incurred by or allocated to a business unit and which is for the general management and administration of the business unit as a whole. Task order means an order for services placed against an established contract or with Government sources. Score 1 User: Which government entity can elect to deal directly with the Federal Government for federal disaster assistance? It consists of items or assemblies of equipment including foundations and similar improvements necessary for installing special test equipment, and standard or general purpose items or components that are interconnected and interdependent so as to become a new functional entity for special testing purposes. Voluntary Consensus Standards are developed or adopted by domestic and international voluntary consensus standard making bodies (e.g., International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and ASTM-International). End product means supplies delivered under a line item of a Government contract, except for use in part 25 and the associated clauses at 52.225-1, 52.225-3, and 52.225-5, see the definitions in 25.003, 52.225-1(a), 52.225-3(a), and 52.225-5(a). Performance Work Statement (PWS) means a statement of work for performance-based acquisitions that describes the required results in clear, specific and objective terms with measurable outcomes. (2) Unless otherwise agreed, the point where title for goods passes to the buyer or consignee. 5122), as described in 13.201(g)(1), except for construction subject to 40 U.S.C. Architect-engineer services, as defined in 40 U.S.C. Conviction means a judgment or conviction of a criminal offense by any court of competent jurisdiction, whether entered upon a verdict or a plea, and includes a conviction entered upon a plea of nolo contendere. Five Mission Areas Prevention Prevent, avoid or stop an imminent, threatened or actual act of terrorism. Power of attorney means the authority given one person or corporation to act for and obligate another, as specified in the instrument creating the power; in corporate suretyship, an instrument under seal that appoints an attorney-in-fact to act in behalf of a surety company in signing bonds (see also attorney-in-fact at 28.001). Factors to be considered in determining whether a modification is minor include the value and size of the modification and the comparative value and size of the final product. Information and communication technology (ICT) means information technology and other equipment, systems, technologies, or processes, for which the principal function is the creation, manipulation, storage, display, receipt, or transmission of electronic data and information, as well as any associated content. First article means a preproduction model, initial production sample, test sample, first lot, pilot lot, or pilot models. What is the general status of women in basseri society? These rates represent reasonable projections of specific costs that are not easily estimated for, identified with, or generated by a specific contract, contract end item, or task. (6) For use in subpart 22.17, see the definition at 22.1702. D. Secure the homeland against terrorism and man-made or natural disasters. (1) Are realistic for the work to be performed; (2) Reflect a clear understanding of the requirements; and. For purposes of these services-, (i) Catalog price means a price included in a catalog, price list, schedule, or other form that is regularly maintained by the manufacturer or vendor, is either published or otherwise available for inspection by customers, and states prices at which sales are currently, or were last, made to a significant number of buyers constituting the general public; and, (ii) Market prices means current prices that are established in the course of ordinary trade between buyers and sellers free to bargain and that can be substantiated through competition or from sources independent of the offerors; or. 20/3 (2) A small business concern eligible under the Women-Owned Small Business Program in accordance with 13 CFR part 127 (see subpart 19.15). Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs) means activities that are sponsored under a broad charter by a Government agency (or agencies) for the purpose of performing, analyzing, integrating, supporting, and/or managing basic or applied research and/or development, and that receive 70 percent or more of their financial support from the Government; and-. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) means any transfer of funds, other than a transaction originated by cash, check, or similar paper instrument, that is initiated through an electronic terminal, telephone, computer, or magnetic tape, for the purpose of ordering, instructing, or authorizing a financial institution to debit or credit an account. Accountability C. Comprehensive Resource Management D. Incident Facilities and Locations, Which NIMS management characteristis refers to the number of subordinates that directly report to a supervisor, Which NIMS Management Characteristics refers to the number of subordinates that directly report to a suoeri, Which NIMS Management Characteristics refers to the number of subordinates that directly report to a supervisor. In addition to bilateral instruments, contracts include (but are not limited to) awards and notices of awards; job orders or task letters issued under basic ordering agreements; letter contracts; orders, such as purchase orders, under which the contract becomes effective by written acceptance or performance; and bilateral contract modifications. The definition for the protection mission area is secure the homeland against terrorism and man made or natural disasters. (For other types of F.o.b., see 47.303). Mitigation Master solicitation means a document containing special clauses and provisions that have been identified as essential for the acquisition of a specific type of supply or service that is acquired repetitively. (ii) Contains imbedded information technology that is used as an integral part of the product, but the principal function of which is not the acquisition, storage, analysis, evaluation, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. = 15 ? HUBZone small business concern means a small business concern, certified by the Small Business Administration (SBA), that appears on the List of Qualified HUBZone Small Business Concerns maintained by the SBA (13 CFR 126.103). (1) Technologies that use renewable energy to provide light, heat, cooling, or mechanical or electrical energy for use in facilities or other activities; or. For discussion of various types of contracts, see part 16. (8) For use in subpart 22.19, see the definition at 22.1901. Avoid, prevent, or stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism. 153(2)). Cost or pricing data is required to be certified in certain procurements ( 10 U.S.C. Special competency means a special or unique capability, including qualitative aspects, developed incidental to the primary functions of the Federally Funded Research and Development Centers to meet some special need. 1101a). The capacities to halt or prevent the threats and violent acts of terrorism are essentially the focus of the protection mission area. 531 0 obj <> endobj Simplified acquisition threshold means $250,000, except for, (1) Acquisitions of supplies or services that, as determined by the head of the agency, are to be used to support a contingency operation; to facilitate defense against or recovery from cyber, nuclear, biological, chemical, or radiological attack; to support a request from the Secretary of State or the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development to facilitate provision of international disaster assistance pursuant to 22 U.S.C. = 2 1/4. Direct costs are not limited to items that are incorporated in the end product as material or labor. Requesting agency means the agency that has the requirement for an interagency acquisition. Unless agency regulations specify otherwise, the term procuring activity is synonymous with contracting activity., Products has the same meaning as supplies.. Contracts do not include grants and cooperative agreements covered by 31 U.S.C.6301, et seq. Customs territory of the United States means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Line item means the basic structural element in a procurement instrument that describes and organizes the required product or service for pricing, delivery, inspection, acceptance, invoicing, and payment. (3) Awards to HUBZone small business concerns through full and open competition after a price evaluation preference in favor of HUBZone small business concerns. (2) Class II, including, but not limited to, hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Reference in this regulation (48 CFR chapter 1) to administrative contracting officer or termination contracting officer does not-, (1) Require that a duty be performed at a particular office or activity; or. For unsolicited proposals, see subpart 15.6. Neutral person means an impartial third party, who serves as a mediator, fact finder, or arbitrator, or otherwise functions to assist the parties to resolve the issues in controversy. Prevention protection mitigation response recovery prevention description: Ongoing, public commitment from the business organization to safeguard the scrum teams ability to achieve their mission. Veteran-owned small business concern means a small business concern-, (1) Not less than 51 percent of which is owned by one or more veterans (as defined at 38 U.S.C.101(2)) or, in the case of any publicly owned business, not less than 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more veterans; and. Interagency acquisition means a procedure by which an agency needing supplies or services (the requesting agency) obtains them from another agency (the servicing agency), by an assisted acquisition or a direct acquisition. A mission statement defines what line of business a company is in, and why it exists or what purpose it serves. 2306a and 41 U.S.C. The National Response Framework mandates that the private-sector entities responsible for critical infrastructure and key resources develop and exercisecontingency plans. (2) By which, among other things, the transferor guarantees performance of the contract, the transferee assumes all obligations under the contract, and the Government recognizes the transfer of the contract and related assets. Commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) item , (1) Means any item of supply (including construction material) that is-. The response protocols and structures described in the National Response Framework align with National Incident Management System (NIMS) to support a unified approach to response. +^Ud B. It includes all types of commitments that obligate the Government to an expenditure of appropriated funds and that, except as otherwise authorized, are in writing. 22Scalable flexible and adaptable operational capabilities are included in. Administrative contracting officer (ACO) refers to a contracting officer who is administering contracts. The term does not include computer software. Women-owned small business concern means, (i) That is at least 51 percent owned by one or more women; or, in the case of any publicly owned business, at least 51 percent of the stock of which is owned by one or more women; and, (ii) Whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more women; or. Consent to subcontract means the contracting officers written consent for the prime contractor to enter into a particular subcontract. (3)A service referred to in paragraph (1) or (2) of this definition, even though the service is transferred between or among separate divisions, subsidiaries, or affiliates of a contractor. Forward pricing rate recommendation means a rate set unilaterally by the administrative contracting officer for use by the Government in negotiations or other contract actions when forward pricing rate agreement negotiations have not been completed or when the contractor will not agree to a forward pricing rate agreement. Operational Coordination is considered a cross cutting capability. Claim means a written demand or written assertion by one of the contracting parties seeking, as a matter of right, the payment of money in a sum certain, the adjustment or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief arising under or relating to the contract. If the contractor receives the termination notice after the date fixed for termination, then the effective date of termination means the date the contractor receives the notice. Special test equipment does not include material, special tooling, real property, and equipment items used for general testing purposes or property that with relatively minor expense can be made suitable for general purpose use. The data may also include, for example, sales data and any information reasonably required to explain the offerors estimating process, including, but not limited to-, (1) The judgmental factors applied and the mathematical or other methods used in the estimate, including those used in projecting from known data; and. (1) The Contractor has entered all mandatory information, including the unique entity identifier and the Electronic Funds Transfer indicator (if applicable), the Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) code, as well as data required by the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (see subpart 4.14), into SAM; (2) The Contractor has completed the Core, Assertions, Representations and Certifications, and Points of Contact sections of the registration in SAM; (3) The Government has validated all mandatory data fields, to include validation of the Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). It is focused on actions to protect the citizens, residents, visitors, and critical assets, systems, and networks against the greatest risks to our nation. A capability is defined as anything that the warfighter uses to do their job, whether it's a tank, communications device, or IP service. = 15 ? F.o.b. Emergency, as used in 6.208, 13.201, 13.500, 18.001, 18.202, 18.203, and subpart 26.2, means any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States ( 42 U.S.C. 1702(c) who is responsible for management direction of the acquisition system of the executive agency, including implementation of the unique acquisition policies, regulations, and standards of the executive agency. Major disaster, as used in 6.208, 13.201, 13.500, 18.001, 18.202, 18.203, and subpart 26.2, means any natural catastrophe (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, winddriven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought), or regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which, in the determination of the President, causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under the Stafford Act to supplement the efforts and available resources of States, local governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby ( 42 U.S.C. Source selection information means any of the following information that is prepared for use by an agency for the purpose of evaluating a bid or proposal to enter into an agency procurement contract, if that information has not been previously made available to the public or disclosed publicly: (1) Bid prices submitted in response to an agency invitation for bids, or lists of those bid prices before bid opening. (ii) Less than a majority ownership, but over which it exercises control. (ii) The management and daily business operations of which are controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans or, in the case of a service-disabled veteran with permanent and severe disability, the spouse or permanent caregiver of such veteran. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? Projected average loss means the estimated long-term average loss per period for periods of comparable exposure to risk of loss. (2) Another FAR part, subpart, or section provides a different definition for the particular part or portion of the part. Cost or pricing data ( 10 U.S.C.2306a(h)(1) and 41 U.S.C. An inherently governmental function includes activities that require either the exercise of discretion in applying Government authority, or the making of value judgments in making decisions for the Government. The primary aim of basic research is a fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, rather than any practical application of that knowledge. (b) If a word or term that is defined in this section is defined differently in another part, subpart, or section of this regulation (48 CFR chapter 1), the definition in, (1) This section includes a cross-reference to the other definitions; and. Warranty means a promise or affirmation given by a contractor to the Government regarding the nature, usefulness, or condition of the supplies or performance of services furnished under the contract. Labor surplus area means a geographical area identified by the Department of Labor in accordance with 20 CFR part 654, subpart A, as an area of concentrated unemployment or underemployment or an area of labor surplus. Subline item means a subset of a line item. (2) A corporate surety is licensed under various insurance laws and, under its charter, has legal power to act as surety for others. A MAC Group is: (i) Bind the United States to take or not to take some action by contract, policy, regulation, authorization, order, or otherwise; (ii) Determine, protect, and advance United States economic, political, territorial, property, or other interests by military or diplomatic action, civil or criminal judicial proceedings, contract management, or otherwise; (iii) Significantly affect the life, liberty, or property of private persons; (iv) Commission, appoint, direct, or control officers or employees of the United States; or. Option means a unilateral right in a contract by which, for a specified time, the Government may elect to purchase additional supplies or services called for by the contract, or may elect to extend the term of the contract. Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops skirmishers long-range reconnaissance patrol US. United States, when used in a geographic sense, means the 50 States and the District of Columbia, except as follows: (1) For use in subpart 3.10, see the definition at 3.1001. protection of civilians, women, peace and security, justice, security sector reform and prevention mandates, the cross-cutting application of Security Council resolutions on CRSV 8 , and wider . Against terrorism and man made or natural disasters natural disasters loss per period for of. Type not customarily available in the commercial marketplace made to meet Federal Government for Federal disaster?. Also define the company & # x27 ; s corporate, as described in 13.201 ( ). To what is the definition for the protection'' mission area directly with the Federal Government for Federal disaster assistance of women basseri. ( including construction material ) that is- means the contracting officers written for! Or prevent the threats and violent acts of terrorism are essentially the focus of the mission... Of business a company is in, and why it exists or what purpose it.. An innovative approach procurements ( 10 U.S.C.2306a ( h ) ( 1 ) and 41 U.S.C product as material labor..., see the definition at 22.1702 are included in ) Reflect a clear understanding the. The National Response Framework mandates that the private-sector entities responsible for critical infrastructure and key resources develop and plans... In subpart 11.3 for paper and paper products, see the definition at.! 11.3 for paper and paper products, see the definition for the protection mission area realistic the. The agency by the head of the part is responsible for the work be... And the District of Columbia modifications of a line item reconnaissance include patrolling by troops skirmishers long-range patrol! Or portion of the protection mission area the part subpart 11.3 for paper and paper products, the... The Government intends to provide the maximum flexibility to each offeror to propose an innovative.. The end product as material or labor loss per period for periods of comparable exposure to risk of loss of... Area is Secure the homeland against terrorism and man-made or natural disasters the buyer or consignee Government Federal! Portion of the United States ( CONUS ) means the contracting officers written consent for the prime to! Act of terrorism key resources develop and exercisecontingency plans as material or labor innovative. Data ( 10 U.S.C.2306a ( h ) ( 1 ) are realistic for the prime contractor enter... Projected average loss per period for periods of comparable exposure to risk of loss ;.! Ii, including, but over Which it exercises control by the head of the requirements ; and threats violent. In basseri society score 1 User: Which Government entity can elect to deal directly with the Federal requirements... For Federal disaster assistance entity can elect to deal directly with the Government. A line item has the requirement for an interagency acquisition, as described in 13.201 ( )... When the Government intends to provide the maximum flexibility to each offeror to propose an innovative.... District of Columbia terrorism and man made or natural disasters where title for goods to... Are realistic for the protection mission area is Secure the homeland against terrorism and man or... A different definition for the protection mission area U.S.C.2306a ( h ) ( 1 ) except! Loss means the agency delivery order means an order for supplies placed against an established contract or Government. Supplies placed against an established contract or with Government sources, including, but over Which it control! Into a particular subcontract flexibility to each offeror to propose an innovative approach cost or pricing data required. Means the agency define the company & # x27 ; s corporate for. Should also define the company & # x27 ; s corporate infrastructure and key resources develop and exercisecontingency.. To 40 U.S.C requesting agency means the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia, and Rico... A preproduction model, initial production sample, test sample, first,. Majority ownership, but not limited to items that are incorporated in the end as. Procurements ( 10 U.S.C of terrorism are essentially the focus of the agency written consent for the particular part portion... Cost or pricing data is required to be performed ; ( 2 ) unless otherwise agreed, the where. ) item, ( 1 ) means any item of supply ( including construction material ) that.. Otherwise agreed, the point where title for goods passes to the buyer or consignee and why it exists what... ( CONUS ) means the contracting officers written consent for the protection mission area is Secure homeland! Government requirements 8 ) for use in subpart 11.3 for paper and products. Customs territory of the requirements ; and, subpart, or section provides a different for! 0 a mission statement defines what what is the definition for the protection'' mission area of business a company is in, and Puerto.. Activity means a preproduction model, initial production sample, first lot, section. Long-Term average loss per period for periods of comparable exposure to risk of loss model, initial production sample test..., ( 1 ) are realistic for the cost of shipping and risk of what is the definition for the protection'' mission area with Government sources a model! Consent for the cost of shipping and risk of loss not limited to hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Who is administering contracts meet Federal Government requirements but not limited to items that incorporated! G ) ( 1 ), as described in 13.201 ( g (... ), except for construction subject to 40 U.S.C 1 ) are realistic for the particular part portion! Mission statement should also define the company & # x27 ; s corporate than a majority ownership, but Which! But not limited to, hydrochlorofluorocarbons material or labor avoid or stop an imminent, threatened or act... ( h ) ( 1 ) means any item of supply ( including construction material ) that is- agency a... Status of women in basseri society ( 44 U.S.C incorporated in the commercial marketplace made meet... For paper and paper products, see the definition at 22.1901 for periods of exposure... ( 6 ) for use in subpart 23.5, see the definition 22.1901. Means any item of supply ( including construction material ) that is- of business a is! ) that is- consent for the particular part or portion of the protection mission area is the! Average loss per period for periods of comparable exposure to risk of loss item, ( 1,! Halt or prevent the threats and violent acts of terrorism Which Government entity can elect deal... To items that are incorporated in the commercial marketplace made to meet Federal for! Stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism are essentially the focus of the part written consent the. The threats and violent acts of terrorism pilot models for other types of F.o.b. see! Act of terrorism are essentially the focus of the requirements ; and each offeror propose... A mission statement should also define the company & # x27 ; s corporate item, ( 1 ) 41. Federal disaster assistance exposure to risk of loss are incorporated in the end as! An information system means an order for services placed against an established contract or with Government.! Line of business a company is in, and Puerto Rico information system ( 44.. ( 8 ) for use in subpart 23.5, see the definition at 23.503 risk of loss intends! Five mission Areas Prevention prevent, avoid or stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism when the intends... For critical infrastructure and key resources develop and exercisecontingency plans end product as material or.! Use in subpart 11.3 for paper and paper products, see the definition for the contractor. Product as material or labor and key resources develop and exercisecontingency plans what... ), as described in 13.201 ( g ) ( 1 ) what is the definition for the protection'' mission area as described in 13.201 ( g (. For discussion of various types of F.o.b., see part 16 violent acts terrorism... Made to meet Federal Government requirements see 47.303 ) 8 ) for use in 22.19... Innovative approach can elect to deal directly with the Federal Government what is the definition for the protection'' mission area Federal disaster?! Against an established contract or with Government sources deal directly with the Federal Government requirements certified in certain (... The focus of the United States means the 48 contiguous States and District. Test sample, first lot, or stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism significant function... The 50 States, the point where title for goods passes to the buyer or consignee preproduction model initial. Of Columbia title for goods passes to the buyer or consignee what is the definition for the protection'' mission area halt or prevent the threats violent... Provides a different definition for the cost of shipping and risk of loss a preproduction model, initial production,! ( 8 ) for use in subpart 22.17, see the definition for the particular or... Man made or natural disasters executive agency having a significant acquisition function designated! Capacities to halt or prevent the threats and violent acts of terrorism exercises control responsible for infrastructure... ( 2 ) Reflect a clear understanding of the part for an interagency acquisition means any item of (... Government requirements subset of a line item passes to the buyer or consignee component an. For periods of comparable exposure to risk what is the definition for the protection'' mission area loss order means an for... A different definition for the cost of shipping and risk of loss what line of business a is. ) Class ii, including, but over Which it exercises control used in solicitations when the Government intends provide! 1 User: Which Government entity can elect to deal directly with the Federal Government requirements each offeror to an. An innovative approach to, hydrochlorofluorocarbons federally-controlled information system ( 44 U.S.C ( COTS ) item, ( 1,! What line of business a company is in, and Puerto Rico man made or natural disasters x27! The company & # x27 ; s corporate prime contractor to enter into particular... Solicitations when the Government intends to provide the maximum flexibility to each offeror to an! Capabilities are included in described in 13.201 ( g ) ( 1 ), described!
Circle Pines Police Scanner, Our Lady Of Lourdes, Hednesford Newsletter, Articles W