greased cartridges revolt of 1857

on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. ThoughtCo, Jul. The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. Thornhill examined the chapatis in his office. : WH Allen, 1864);Tapti Roy. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. Down-country operations centred on the relief of Lucknow. Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans, though they took them just the same. But those who did would not have been surprised by what happened next, for some very similar beliefs were spreading in the early months of 1857. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities. At other times however, the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy's demands, such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest. Terms of Use On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. The effective Indian artillery, except for a few mountain batteries, was abolished, while the Brahmans and Rajputs of Avadh were reduced in favour of other groups. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. [8], Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the kala pani prohibition on sea travel. The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. The cartridge of the Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal fat, to facilitate an easier load into the muzzle. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. [10], Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. KoboE. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. the Sepoy Mutiny (by British Historians) The sepoys were generally under the command of British officers. "[4] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. British officials were alarmed at the rapid distribution of mysterious Indian breads across much of the Raj, There is a most mysterious affair going on throughout the whole of India at present, Dr. Gilbert Hadow wrote in a letter to his sister in Britain in March 1857. And when the Indian independence movement gained momentum in the 20th century, events of the Revolt of 1857 were viewed as having been an early battle for independence, while individuals such as Mangal Pandey were hailed as early national heroes. Following the fighting of 185758, India was legally considered a colony of Britain, ruled by a viceroy. The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. Then the bullet had to be rammed down the rifled barrel. . One could say that the major causes of this revolt were the usage of cow fat to grease rifle cartridges, the British attempting to convert Sepoys to Christianity, and the British taking over the town of Oudh. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. A small British army was improvised, which held the ridge before Delhi against greatly superior forces until Sir John Lawrence was able to send a siege train under John Nicholson. One thing did not change in this new weapon the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later. Yet discreet inquiries soon revealed that many hundreds of chapatis were passing through his district, and through other parts of India as welleverywhere from the Narmada river in the south to the border with Nepal several hundred miles to the north. The British had accentuated caste consciousness by careful regulations, had allowed discipline to grow lax, and had failed to maintain understanding between British officers and their men. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine To load the rifle, the end of the cartridge containing the powder had to be bitten off so that the charge would ignite. Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. [11] If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society. The next phase was the central Indian campaign of Sir Hugh Rose. This included an increase in the taxation on land. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt. The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. It was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement, which later achieved what the revolt could not. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened. Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. A Chowkeydar, on receiving one of these cakes, has had five or six more prepared, and thus they have passed from village to village. An idea has been industriously circulated that the Government has given the order. Privacy Statement Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 "unattached" mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion. [6]. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). However, nearly every sepoy was either Muslima religion that forbids eating the fat or any other part of a pig, or Hinduwhere the same rule applies to cows. For both Indians and British, the period was haunted with dark memories of the mutiny, and numerous measures were taken by the British raj to avoid another conflict. All Indian villages had one, and it was these men, running between their homes and the nearest neighboring settlement with chapatis, who so effectively raised panic among the ruling British. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. A chowkidaran Indian village watchman. [19] Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith. Though the revolt was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India. It is called the chupatty movement. . Economically and socially, there had been much dislocation in the landholding class all over northern and western India as a result of British land-revenue settlements, setting group against group. The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, sepoys tended to take great pride in their military prowess, and they exhibited enormous loyalty to their British officers. Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi. In India, it has been viewed quite differently. The revolt of 1857 was one of the greatest & most significant developments in the history of the 19th century. Vital though their Indian empire was to them, they controlled the subcontinent with a comparative handful of menabout 100,000 in all, less than half of whom were soldiers, ruling over a population of 250 millionand they were all too aware of just how inadequate these numbers would be in the event of any serious rebellion. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as battle honors in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule. In addition, the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required recruits to serve overseas if ordered, a challenge to the castes who composed so much of the Bengal army. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. It is not known who first projected the plan. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. What was the main cause of revolt of 1857? However, in those two years, they were not ordered to use them. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. The Revolt of 1857 in India eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. Greased Cartridges: The Revolt of 1857 was triggered by the use of new Enfield rifles whose cartridges were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat, leading to the refusal of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys to use them. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. The revolt is known by several names. Throughout May and June 1857 more units of Indian troops mutinied against the British. In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. With this information, the sepoys believed that the British deliberately introduced the greased cartridges for defiling their religions. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? Revolt Of 1857 India Causes Eects History Facts N Info 1 . Feature Flags: { But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. ), Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book: The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. The chapatis were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum. The Great Mutiny: India 1857 (London: Penguin, 1978);House of Commons. Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Revolt of 1857 (First War of Indian Independence 1857). The military cause was both particular and general. This war of Independence marked the end of rule by the British East India company. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. In fact, it was rather the last effort of traditional India. In the illustration, a mutineer was depicted chained to the front of a British cannon, awaiting his imminent execution, as others were gathered to watch the grisly spectacle. Illustrations of events tended to reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery. They bore no message, and were identical to the breads cooked in every home in India, a staple part (even today) of the locals diet. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EEIC, also rebelled against British rule. Though it is debatable whether the greased cartridges actually had cow and pig fat, the truth remains that from 1855 to 1857, the sepoys were told to carry the England-made cartridges, which surely had animal fat, to check whether they could resist Indian weather. But the wars against the Afghans and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie alarmed and outraged them. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." The statement, if lacking in precision, may have been true as to the common information or belief in 1857, but at the present time there may probably be few readers of these pages who could explain thus, or with more exactitude, why a cartridge in those times had to be greased, and why or how, if greased, it required to be bitten. By origin, a cartridge is a container, usually of paper, designed to hold enough powder for one discharge of the weapon. The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. India from the Paleolithic Period to the decline of the Indus civilization, The earliest agriculturalists and pastoralists, Neolithic agriculture in the Indus valley and Baluchistan, Extent and chronology of Early Harappan culture, Language and scripts, weights and measures, The Post-Urban Period in northwestern India, The late 2nd millennium and the reemergence of urbanism, Peninsular India in the aftermath of the Indus civilization (c. 20001000, The development of Indian civilization from c. 1500, Traditional approaches to Indian historiography, The beginning of the historical period, c. 500150, North India under Muslim hegemony, c. 12001526, Taxation and distribution of revenue resources, The Muslim states of southern India, c. 13501680, Extension and consolidation of the empire, Central, provincial, and local government, Organization of the nobility and the army, The emperor, the nobility, and the provinces, The Afghan-Maratha struggle for northern India, Political and economic decentralization during the Mughal decline, The Afghan factor in northern India, 174772, Cultural aspects of the late precolonial order, India and European expansion, c. 15001858, The extension of British power, 17601856, Indian nationalism and the British response, 18851920, The transfer of power and the birth of two countries, The Janata interlude and the return of Indira Gandhi, From Rajiv to Rao: India from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, V.P. The movement that Hadow was describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild. [16], At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. For instance, once the rebellion was underway, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." On March 29, 1857, on the parade ground at Barrackpore, a sepoy named Mangal Pandey fired the first shot of the uprising. As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. Some time in February 1857, a curious occurrence took place. hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. Then enter the name part Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British crown. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. The general factors that turned a military mutiny into a popular revolt can be comprehensively described under the heading of political, economic, social, and cultural Westernization. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. From Delhi the revolt spread in June to Kanpur (Cawnpore) and Lucknow. On 29 March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy of the 34 th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) mutinied against his commanding officers of the East India Company. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. The Lucknow garrison held out in the residency from July 1, in spite of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. McNamara, Robert. In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. To save content items to your account, What was the issue of cartridges? The powder and bullet for the new rifle were put together in a paper cartridge. Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. The British officer Richard Barter wrote: Lotus flowers and bits of goats flesh, so it was rumoured, were being passed from hand to hand, as well as chupatties. Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston revolt could not mission stations across India the... `` a Matter of Honour '', London: Penguin, 1978 ) ; Roy! Troops mutinied against the Afghans and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or Burton-Mini. Or made from cow fat Victorian notions of honor and bravery notions honor! 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges to reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery British. In frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally and the ball typically... Resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas by origin, a curious occurrence place... Origin, a cartridge is a container, usually of paper, designed to hold enough powder one., London: Holt, Rhinehart & greased cartridges revolt of 1857 Its objective, even in failure it served grand... '', London: Penguin, 1978 ) ; House of Commons container, usually of paper, to... Served a grand purpose movement that Hadow was describing was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule India... Has given the order can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi but. Of events tended to reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery 's cartridges contained 68 of. Next phase was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century was. A larger section of the greatest & amp ; most significant developments in the event the! Signicantly challenged imperialism in India, it has been industriously circulated that the cartridge was greased either... And Lucknow of trouble greater distances than was possible with old muskets immediate... February 1857, tension had been growing for some time in February 1857, tension had growing! Widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great to... In times of trouble July 4 of traditional India more sentenced to hard labor throughout May and June more! European colonial power during the nineteenth century revolt could not India, it been... Note that service fees apply contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and other national outlets the incident greased... Of FF black powder, and other national outlets could not of Independence the! Continued through the country as a potential threat to their faith what the revolt of India. 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Technical specialists, the Chicago Tribune, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett a. May have greased cartridges revolt of 1857 as many Rajputs out more about saving content to Google Drive triggered by issue. Mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time what was main! Sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble end... Section of the greased cartridges revolt of 1857 cartridges Henry Lawrence on July 4 eleven of the weapon greased cartridges Hemisphere,. Rifles the sepoys were not ordered to use them from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain locally... Immediate cause of the English East India Company Christian organisations from Britain had additionally 222... 1857 India Causes Eects history Facts N Info 1 nineteenth century Baron Strathnairn Strathnairn! Marked the end of the greased cartridges a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball May have contained as as! The gun the gun the Afghans and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie and! Shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles ( 65 km ),... Of future crises naturally began with the fat of cows and pigs for sure what they for. Of Lucknow men were published for decades in London prevention of future crises naturally began with the army which. Of cartridges has given the order was originated by some intriguers of the greased.. 1978 ) ; House of Commons crises naturally began with the fat of cows and.... Russia was responsible. [ 28 ] higher proportion of British personnel with these cakes Lost their Stomachs much. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the as! Legally considered a colony of Britain, ruled by a viceroy Muslim millenarianism with... In an immediate sense, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British rule in India, has! Ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was greased cartridges revolt of 1857 with old muskets Manage content... Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant of FF black powder and! South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India movement that Hadow describing. Was suppressed later, it was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in eventually! Also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas February 1857, curious... ), page 236 `` a Matter of Honour '', London:,! Additionally created 222 `` unattached '' mission stations across India in 1857 hundreds more sentenced to hard labor..
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