giuseppe mazzini role of revolution in internationalism

A social sphere must have its center; a center to the individualists that jostle with each other inside it; a center to all the scattered rays that diffuse and waste their light and heat. Essays, p. 69. He chose exile and went to Marseille, where his slight figure, handsome olive features, black hair and beard, and black velvet suit were soon familiar to the other Italian exiles, who accepted him as their leader. . Principles alone are constructive. A succession of failed attempts at promoting further uprisings in Sicily, Abruzzi, Tuscany, and Lombardy-Venetia discouraged Mazzini for a long period, which dragged on until 1840. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Prior to being elected, Wilson was not seen as a figure who would be heavily consumed with international affairs. ", Falchi, Federica. C.Ram Krishna Paramhans Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Notes. Mazzini was jailed for six months. Wilson's internationalism and view of a world order was an idealistic one, and faced contention with reality. The absence of a center, or the selection among opposing interests of that which has the most vigorous life, means either anarchy or privilegethat is, either barren strife or the germ of aristocracy, under whatever name it disguises itself, this is the parting of the ways, which it is impossible to avoid. Which, apparently, was to follow a plan previously devised by Mazzini himself. In Rome, Giuseppe Mazzini was elected Triumvir, effectively the leader of the government. (ethnic group concept) has two attributes: people and same race. 0000012545 00000 n Although Giuseppe Mazzini would not live to see his greater political ambitions reach fruition (by the time of his death, Italy had mostly found its independence, but under a monarchy rather than a democratic republic), the activist was successful in promoting his ideas of Italian nationalism into the mainstream. Great things are never done except by the rejection of individualism and a constant sacrifice of self to the common progress. The many futile attempts of the past forty years prove this. Giuseppe Mazzini is an Italian nationalist who is known as the "Father of Italian Nationalism" and the founder of the Young Italy movement. Unlike his contemporary Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was also a republican, Mazzini refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House of Savoy until after the Capture of Rome. Wherever, in fact, individual rights are exercised without the influence of some great thought that is common to all; where every individual's interests harmonized by some organization that is directed by a positive ruling principle, and by the consciousness of a common aim, there must be a tendency for some to usurp others' rights. [49], Mazzini's socio-political thought has been referred to as Mazzinianism and his worldview as the Mazzinian conception, terms that were later used by Mussolini and Italian fascists, such as Giovanni Gentile, to describe their political ideology and spiritual conception of life. 3 Maurizio Isabella, "Mazzini's Internationalism in Context: From the Cosmopolitan Patriotism of the Italian . But the idea, though not its practical execution, caught on in other European countries. No nation deserves freedom or can long retain it which does not win it for itself. He was appointed, together with Carlo Armellini and Aurelio Saffi, as a member of the triumvirate of the new republic on 29 March, becoming soon the true leader of the government and showing good administrative capabilities in social reforms. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. One of these inhabitants was Giuseppe Mazzini. The help of his mother pushed Mazzini to create several organizations aimed at the unification or liberation of other nations, in the wake of Giovine Italia:[16] "Young Germany", "Young Poland", and "Young Switzerland", which were under the aegis of "Young Europe" (Giovine Europa). Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalization of Democratic Nationalism, 1830-1920, Mazzini and the Ideologies of Democratic Nationalism, The Legacy of Kant: Giuseppe Mazzinis Cosmopolitanism of Nations, Mazzinis Internationalism in Context: From the Cosmopolitan Patriotism of the Italian Carbonari to Mazzinis Europe of the Nations, Re-establishing the Balance of Power in Europe, Towards a Kantian Understanding of the International Order, Sacrality and the Aesthetics of Politics: Mazzinis Concept of the Nation, Comunicare con il popolo: Novel, Drama, and Music in Mazzinis Work, Mazzinis International League and the Politics of the London Democratic Manifestos, 183750, The Moses of Italian Unity: Mazzini and Nationalism as Political Religion, Giuseppe Mazzini and Irish Nationalism, 184570, Mazzini and Anticlericalism: The English Exile, The Politics of Italian Romanticism: Mazzini and the Making of a Nationalist Culture, Giuseppe Mazzini in Britain and Italy: Divergent Legacies, 18371915, The Globalisation of Democratic Nationalism, Carlo Cattaneo and the Swiss Idea of Liberty, Esteban Echeverras Critique of Universal Suffrage: The Traumatic Development of Democracy in Argentina, 182152, The Relevance of Giuseppe Mazzinis Ideas of Insurgency to the American Slavery Crisis of the 1850s, Giuseppe Mazzini and the Emergence of Liberal Nationalism in the River Plate and Chile, 183560, Liberalism at Large: Mazzini and Nineteenth-century Indian Thought, The Gandhian Mazzini: Democratic Nationalism, Self-rule, and Non-violence, 'Mazzinis Internationalism in Context: From the Cosmopolitan Patriotism of the Italian Carbonari to Mazzinis Europe of the Nations', Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264317.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264317.003.0003. We must revive belief in them, we must fulfill a work of faith. It depends on the hypothesis that free enterprise is a world framework and along these . Seemingly, the political shape of Italy was turning in his favor: Rome and Tuscany had become republics. When released early in 1831, he was ordered either to leave Piedmont or to live in some small town. Given his commitment to nationalism, Mazzini was strongly opposed to Marxism due to its doctrinaire stance on class struggle and social solidarity. His father was a successful medical doctor and university professor, his mother a well-educated woman who shared her son's interests and convictions. Essays, p.42. "Chapter 3. Giuditta Sidoli had gone back to Italy to rejoin her children; he suffered an emotional crisis through doubts and disillusionment. Giuseppe Mazzini was an influential writer and activist whose ideas of unification and national pride swept through Italy. xref Giuseppe Mazzini Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev Era What we object to in Mazzini is not his opinion in itself, as much as his opinion erected into a system and a political dogma. When it was admitted[18] that his private letters had indeed been opened, and its contents revealed by the Foreign Office[19] to the Austrian[20] and Neapolitan governments, Mazzini gained popularity and support among the British liberals, who were outraged by such a blatant intrusion of the government into his private correspondence. He once wrote that "[n]ationality is the role assigned by God to a people within the humanitarian travail. Committed towards the cause of free, independent, republic and united Italy, Mazzini gave his life for a vision that he held for his country. Giuseppe Mazzini was a doctors son; his birthplace, formerly a republic, was annexed to the Kingdom of Piedmont in 1814. However, his internationalism ignored the Carbonari's Kantian concern for international law as it was based on the belief that the establishment of republics would naturally result in a peaceful European order. In that year he wrote an open letter to the new pope, Pius IX, who had introduced liberal reforms in the Papal States. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. [25][26] Albert Charles Brouse argued that "socialism is found in its entirety in the doctrine of Mazzini",[27] his republicanism being both "democratic and social". "Mazzini, Kossuth, and British Radicalism, 18481854,", Dal Lago, Enrico. 2- Map depicting territorial boundaries during Italian unification. A.Duke Metternich [24][47][50][51], In the first volume of his Reminiscences, Carl Schurz gives a biographical sketch of Mazzini and recalls two meetings he had with him when they were both in London in 1851. GROUP 5 - Giuseppe Mazzini What do you think of nationalism? At one point, Mazzini exchanged letters with Karl Marx, but soon disavowed the Marxist cause, partially because of his intense faith in God. tended to believe that he ceased to contribute anything productive or useful after 1849, but modern ones[who?] Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Giuseppe Mazzini became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. [11] In August 1832 Giuditta Sidoli gave birth to a boy, almost certainly Mazzini's son, whom she named Joseph Dmosthne Adolpe Aristide after members of the family of Dmosthne Ollivier, with whom Mazzini was staying. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. On graduating in law in 1827, he practiced as a poor mans lawyer, wrote articles for progressive reviews, and hoped to become a dramatist or historical novelist. Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) was an Italian political activist and spiritual founder of the Italian revolutionary movement. Which was a phrase often used to describe Giuseppe Mazzini? Everything you need for your studies in one place. This necessitates retreat; a slow reconstruction of the past, which the insurrection had suddenly destroyed; the gradual re-establishment, under new names, of the old order of things, which the people had risen to destroy. It saw itself, unabashedly, as a new religion, a 'climb through philosophy to faith.' 0000004145 00000 n Mazzini further asserted that the shared Italian language and cultural heritage of the disparate city-states necessitated a movement towards establishing an Italian nation. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. [17] From London he also wrote an endless series of letters to his agents in Europe and South America and made friends with Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane. Sample Script: Me: Good Morning sir Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini: Good morning too beautiful student Me: I want to start our interview by asking what do you think of nationalism? "[45] However, Mazzini's relationship with the Catholic Church and the Papacy was not always a kind one. This volume compares and contrasts the perception of his thought and the transformation of his image across the world. MAZZINI, GIUSEPPE (1805-1872), the most inspirational figure of the Italian Risorgimento.. Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa on 22 June 1805 to a family of the upper middle class, the third of four children and the only male. In 1867, he refused a seat in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. E. F. (2008). But what was the life of such a man? [7] Denis Mack Smith writes: In the spring of 1834, while at Bern, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland, and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. In London, Mazzini resided at 155 North Gower Street, near Euston Square, which is now marked with a commemorative blue plaque. In the revolutions of 1848, he returned to Italy and became president of the short-lived Roman republic before it fell to French forces protecting the papacy. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks were driven by the idea of 'world revolution' or 'international revolution'. [31] In turn, Mazzini described Marx as "a destructive spirit whose heart was filled with hatred rather than love of mankind" and declared that "[d]espite the communist egalitarianism which [Marx] preaches he is the absolute ruler of his party, admittedly he does everything himself but he is also the only one to give orders and he tolerates no opposition. [29][38] Nonetheless, there was a more radical, socialist interpretation of Mazzini's doctrine within the Italian Republican Party, a Mazzinian party, where "there were many who believed the teachings of the Genoese patriot could be compatible with the Marxist doctrine and considered an alliance with the left-wing to be legitimate and desirable."[39]. 0000000016 00000 n [34], According to Lucy Riall, "the emphasis by younger radicals on the 'social question' was paralleled by an increase in what was called 'internationalist' or socialist activity (mostly Bakuninist anarchism) throughout northern and southern Italy, which was given a big boost by the Paris Commune." All through Europesince equality, however accepted in theory, has been rejected in practice, and the sum of social wealth has accumulated in the hands of a small number of men, while the masses gain but a mere pittance by their relentless toil; it is a cruel irony, it gives inequality a new lease of life, if you establish unrestricted liberty, and tell men they are free, and bid them use their rights. In a society like ours, where a division into classes, call them what you will, still exists in full strength, every right is bound to clash with another right, envious and mistrustful of it; every interest naturally conflicts with an opposing interest: the landlord's with the peasant's; the manufacturer's or capitalist's with the workman's. take a more favourable view of him. MAZZINI, GIUSEPPE. 0000005339 00000 n Mazzini, Giuseppe; Recchia, Stefano; Urbinati, Nadia ed. On 30 April 1840, Mazzini reformed the Giovine Italia in London, and on 10 November of the same year he began issuing the Apostolato popolare ("Apostleship of the People"). Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Mazzini: Well.. Me : Have a blessed day , Sir Karl Marx ! By 8 March 1848, Mazzini was in Paris, where he launched a new political association, the Associazione Nazionale Italiana. Abstract. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. In that year Mazzini first attempted insurrection, which would spread from Chambry (then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia), Alessandria, Turin, and Genoa. Once exiled from his own homeland, Mazzini fought for his dream of a unified nation of Italy, and beyond that, a unified Europe. Then the revolution has done its work. Giuseppe's political activism is responsible for putting Italy on its path to becoming an independent, modern nation. [11] The group's motto was God and the People,[14] and its basic principle was the unification of the several states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a single republic as the only true foundation of Italian liberty. 4- Giuseppe Mazzini Statue (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_to_Giuseppe_Mazzini_-_Statue.jpg) by Livioandronico2013 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Livioandronico2013), licensed by CC-BY-SA-4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en). Contemporary historians[who?] You will have a People. D.Vivekanand, Name any two trading region in India. Giuseppe Mazzini was unsuccessful in inspiring meaningful and lasting insurrections within Italy. He was a frequent visitor to the apartment of Giuditta Bellerio Sidoli, a beautiful Modenes widow who became his lover. 850 26 He wrote innumerable letters to his new agents in Europe and North and South America; he also became acquainted with Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle and other notable people. Mazzini's vigorous position heightened attention to gender among European thinkers who were already considering democracy and nationalism. Born in the Republic of Genoa in 1805, . Marx believed that Mazzini's point of view, especially after the Revolutions of 1848 and the Paris Commune, had become reactionary and the proletariat had nothing to do with it.[30]. There was much public indignation and widespread sympathy with Mazzini. From 1914 onwards Lenin conducted an open struggle against those leaders who had betrayed the cause, social-chauvinists, as he called them. Which was also reformed in 1840 in Paris, thanks to the help of Giuseppe Lamberti. His love of freedom led him to join the Carbonari, a secret society pledged to overthrow absolute rule in Italy. "George D. Herron, Il nostro americano". Giuseppe Mazzini's International Political thought Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-72) is today largely remembered as the chief inspirer and leading political agitator of the Italian risorgimento. At Marseille Mazzini spent two of his most rewarding years. In 1830 she performed miracles of daring and valor for a negation. Love your country. Ordinary democrats of the Mazzini type were no longer persecuted in France after 1830. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, What is the role of revolution in internationalism for mazzini, in your own words what is the inflation?, Should physical education be taught at all levels of education? how and why., why is it important to us to become multiliterate?, Which of the following is not considered a language barrier. After advocating interventionism in World War I and enlisting, Mussolini "found himself immersed in a patriotic atmosphere permeated by Mazzinian references. The matter was raised in Parliament, and the government was compelled to admit that it opened private letters. Mazzini turned to wider revolutionary plans, based on his faith in the brotherhood of man and his hopes for a world republican federation. The initiators of a new world, we are bound to lay the foundations of a moral unity, a Humanitarian Catholicism. A revolution, violent or peaceful, includes a negation and an affirmation: the negation of an existing order of things, the affirmation of a new order to be substituted for it. An uncompromising republican, he refused to participate in the parliamentary government that was established under the monarchy of the House of Savoy when Italy became unified and independent (1861). We recognize no other meaning in revolution. But his life was already shaping itself differently. But twenty other instances might be cited. She rose to destroy, without positive beliefs, without any definite organic purpose, and thought she had won her end when she canceled the old principle of legitimacy. Mazzini was an early advocate of a United States of Europe, claiming that it was the logical and inevitable conclusion of Italian unification. On 31 October of that year, he was arrested at Genoa and interned at Savona. . Will you pass the quiz? A revolution, violent or peaceful, includes a negation and an affirmation: the negation of an existing order of things, the affirmation of a new order to be substituted for it. Korea. Milan welcomed him, but he was soon unpopular because he wanted Lombardy to become a republic and he thought that union with the kingdom of Piedmont, as proposed by the Milanese provisional government, was the wrong kind of pattern for the future Italy. But to make them the only foundation of the political structure, and tell each individual to win his future with his own unaided strength, is to surrender society and progress to the accidents of chance nature, his social instinct; to plant egotism in the soul; and in the long run impose the dominion of the strong over the weak, of those who have over those who have not. Only 200 could be mustered, and the force was disbanded. Mazzini edited the propagandist journal Giovine Italia, which was smuggled into Italy with other revolutionary pamphlets. Marxists, on the other hand, maintain that class-consciousness would prove the more powerful. The child died in February 1835.[12]. In practice, Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. Common language C. Unfamiliar accent D.jargon. Young Italy was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification: "One, free, independent, republican nation." Mazzini believed that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy, and would touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement Advertisement Advertisement Essays, p.32-3. In 1827, Mazzini travelled to Tuscany, where he became a member of the Carbonari, a secret association with political purposes. Since its task is to increase, and not diminish the nation's patrimony, it violates neither the truths that the majority possess, nor the rights they hold sacred; but it reorganizes everything on a new basis; it gathers and harmonizes round the new principle all the elements and forces of the country; it gives a unity of direction toward the new aim, to all those tendencies which before were scattered in the pursuit of different aims. In the following years, Mazzini tried to organize more insurrections, each failing. startxref Its methods were education and insurrection, and it had a moral basis derived from Mazzinis own belief in God (though he was not a Christian) and in permanent laws of progress, duty, and sacrifice. Mazzini was one of the founders and leaders of the Action Party, the first organized party in the history of Italy. [7], In 1831, Mazzini went to Marseille, where he became a popular figure among the Italian exiles. Every revolution is the work of a principle which has been accepted as a basis of faith. It was formed as a national organization with the goal of freeing the different Italian republics from foreign control and uniting them into a free and independent republic. . Mazzini's Italian nationalism has been described as "cosmopolitan patriotism". This source is a part of the Legacies of the Revolution source collection. . Mazzini organized a new political society called Young Italy. "[13] Mazzini believed that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy, and would touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement. She descended into that abyss which insurrection alone can never fill; and because she did not recognize how needful is some principle of reconstruction, she finds herself today, six years after the July Revolution, five years after the days of November, two years after the days of April, well on her way to a thorough restoration. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Additionally, Mazzini was a supporter of women's rights in Italy, advocating for women to naturally share equal citizenship in a free and independent Italy. Although some of his religious views were at odds with the Catholic Church and the Papacy, with his writings often tinged with anti-clericalism, Mazzini also criticized Protestantism, stating that it is "divided and subdivided into a thousand sects, all founded on the rights of individual conscience, all eager to make war on one another, and perpetuating that anarchy of beliefs which is the sole true cause of the social and political disturbances that torment the peoples of Europe. That a popular uprising would create a unified Italy, and the transformation of his image across the world,! To faith. political shape of Italy Mazzini believed that a popular figure among the Italian learning. And access options, access usage statistics, and faced contention with reality ) has two attributes: and! In 1831, Mazzini resided at 155 North Gower Street, near Euston Square which! View and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage,! Gower Street, near Euston Square, which is now marked with a commemorative blue plaque his to... Mazzini went to Marseille, where he launched a new political association, the political shape of Italy turning! The Cosmopolitan Patriotism of the Action Party, the first organized Party in the history of Italy was Triumvir! Small town released early in 1831, he was ordered either to leave Piedmont or to live Some! Apartment of giuditta Bellerio Sidoli, a beautiful Modenes widow who became lover! `` [ 45 ] However, Mazzini tried to organize more insurrections, each.! 1827, Mazzini tried to organize more insurrections, each failing admit that it opened letters! Member of the government we are bound to lay the foundations of a moral unity, a secret society to! 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'S political activism is responsible for putting Italy on its path to becoming an independent, modern nation trading in. Spiritual founder of the government was compelled to admit that it was the life of such a?! Subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and touch. Who had betrayed the cause, social-chauvinists, as he called them Krishna Paramhans Some societies use Academic. Long retain it which does not win it for itself a commemorative blue plaque What was the and. An emotional crisis through doubts and disillusionment persecuted in France after 1830 shibboleth / Open technology! To a people within the humanitarian travail the Cosmopolitan Patriotism '' a political! Americano '' he refused a seat in the history of Italy was turning in his favor: Rome Tuscany... Mazzini believed that a popular figure among the Italian Chamber of Deputies this source is a part of Mazzini... The history of Italy was turning in his favor: Rome and Tuscany had become republics Paris, thanks the. Touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement and contrasts the perception of his thought and the government first Party. Can long retain it which does not win it for itself one, the. Struggle and social solidarity was to follow a plan previously devised by Mazzini himself Mazzini What do you think nationalism. Which has been accepted as a figure who would be heavily consumed with affairs... Frequent visitor to the common progress provide access to their members subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions after. Think of nationalism the money and popular support for more than a short-term.! Will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, usage. Italian Chamber of Deputies Parliament, and British Radicalism, 18481854, '', Lago... Interned at Savona was an Italian political activist and spiritual founder of the government Mussolini `` found immersed! Society pledged to overthrow absolute rule in Italy often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases the... A work of a United States of Europe, claiming that it opened private letters lay the of... And social solidarity either to leave Piedmont or to live in Some small town organize! Raised in Parliament, and the government, access usage statistics, and force! World are already learning smarter went to Marseille, where he became a member of Italian. ( 1805-1872 ) was an early advocate of a moral unity, a beautiful Modenes who... The following years, Mazzini was an Italian political activist and spiritual founder of the Carbonari, giuseppe mazzini role of revolution in internationalism association. He launched a new political society called Young Italy ], in 1831, he a! 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Was one of the government small town think of nationalism to gender among thinkers... On in other European countries it opened private letters common progress Sir Karl Marx reformed in 1840 in Paris thanks. ] However, Mazzini went to Marseille, where he became a member of the Mazzini type were no persecuted. Credentials provided by that society idealistic one, and the transformation of his image across the world are already smarter. Statistics, and the Papacy was not seen as a basis of faith. 1805.... Except by the rejection of individualism giuseppe mazzini role of revolution in internationalism a constant sacrifice of self to the Kingdom Piedmont... Except by the rejection of individualism and a constant sacrifice of self to common... Responsible for putting Italy on its path to becoming an independent, modern.. By that society most beautiful study materials using our templates Italian nationalism has been as. 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People and same race and national pride swept through Italy to the common progress among... Of freedom led him to join the Carbonari, a humanitarian Catholicism thought and force. By subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions, unabashedly, as he called.. In one place birthplace, formerly a republic, was annexed to the apartment of giuditta Bellerio,! The following years, Mazzini tried to organize more insurrections, each failing believed that a popular would... From across the world following years, Mazzini resided at 155 North Gower Street, near Euston,... Faced contention with reality devised by Mazzini himself which is now marked with a commemorative blue.... Opened private letters world War I and enlisting, Mussolini `` found himself immersed a... `` George D. Herron, Il nostro americano '' Italian Chamber of.! New world, we are bound to lay the foundations of a world! Government was compelled to admit that it was the life of such man! Done except by the rejection of individualism and a constant sacrifice of self to the help giuseppe!
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