Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. It occurs in a variety of disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in large numbers. Chemicals such as Picloram and 2,4-D may be of some use in controlling the weed, but an integrated management program involving a combination of techniques will prove most effective. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. Would you like email updates of new search results? The hydroalcoholic extracts of four wild edible Carduus species collected in Sardinia (Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp. It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920. Carduus pycnocephalus Name Synonyms Carduus arabicus subsp. Sign up to receive information about Cal-IPC's upcoming events and project updates. Where does it grow? 8600 Rockville Pike Bossard, CC., J.M. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. Carduus species (Compositae) are widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, and traditionally used for both food and medicinal purposes. The brown seeds do not usually dehisce from the seedheads, and this may be important in the establishment of these seeds in the seedbed litter (Evans et al. It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. Nyman, 1974. This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. MeSH 1982 . (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Ornano L, Venditti A, Donno Y, Sanna C, Ballero M, Bianco A. Nat Prod Res. of Agriculture and caused significant damage to the reproductive structures of the Italian thistle have not been utilized, due to concerns about possible predation of California's native thistle species. Continuous grazing significantly reduces thistle numbers but is not as effective as the use of an autumn break (Bendall 1973). The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. Foodplant / internal feederlarva of Chaetostomella cylindrica feeds within capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / spot causeramphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia cynarae causes spots on live leaf of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Terellia serratulae feeds on Carduus pycnocephalus, In Great Britain and/or Ireland:Foodplant / galllarva of Urophora solstitialis causes gall of capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Urophora stylata feeds on Carduus pycnocephalusRemarks: Other: uncertain. Carduus pycnocephalus L. 3,132 2,252 Observations Slender thistle, Slender winged thistle, Slender-flower thistle, Sheep thistle, Plymouth thistle, Shore thistle, Woolly thistle, Winged slender thistle, Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle Carduus pycnocephalus L. World flora Family Compositae Genus . pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. 1981). macrocephalus (Desf.) The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. Catlogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. It is found in disturbed areas, often with basaltic soils, fertile soils, or soils with a relatively high pH (> 6.5).[5][7]. Please click here to see a county level distribution map of Italian thistle in Washington. synonym auct. Where a presentation is not available, find more information by reading the abstract in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive. carduus Carduus pycnocephalus var. 11681. Epub 2015 Sep 1. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). The plant has become an introduced species in other regions, and on other continents, often becoming a noxious weed or invasive species. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Leaves are pinnately lobed into spiny-lobed segments, with the terminal spine being most prominent. For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. Fl. Deferring autumn grazing of sheep has been effective in reducing stand density because the thistles grow etiolated and less spiny when competing with ungrazed grasses. Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). Vyuvejte je pro komunikaci s Vaimi klienty a vlastn prezentaci. Communities: weed, characteristic of disturbed places, Search efloras.org (Flora of North America). Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. C. pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading on rangelands previ- ously dominated by alien annual grasses (Evans et al. 1979). pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. Epub 2019 Feb 22. Spraying oil on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Unfortunately, half of the identified species of insects found feeding on C. pycnocephalus in southern California are also pests of cultivated plants, thus not good choices for biocontrol. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. 1979). The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. . Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. Munz, P. A. Since it is a nonselective herbicide, it must be carefully applied. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). The multiple stems are winged with spines. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines Profiling and Variation in Wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae Species from Sardinia and Corse. Two fungi have been evaluated as agents on Italian thistle. Calflora, a 501c3 non-profit - 1700 Shattuck Avenue #198, Berkeley, CA 94709 - 510 883-3148 Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). These thistles can be cultivated or manually removed when small. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. The weevil was released on infestations of Italian and slender-flower thistles at 16 sites in 11 counties in northern California during 1975-77 with establishment at most of the sites (Hawkes et al. other members of the genus Carduus such as C. pycnocephalus have been reported to have potent antiinflammatory activity (Conforti et al., 2009). CRUPY ). ; Flavonoids; HPLC-PDA-MS/MS; ITS sequence; PCR-RFLP. Home | Contact | UW Privacy | UW Terms of Use. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. hbbd```b``"o5 IDu0&IsNGR"Y:@$ Other Common Names: Plymouth thistle, shore thistle Summary 2 Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle.It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). [3][4][5], Carduus pycnocephalus has become a noxious weed in Australia, New Zealand, Macaronesia, South Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South America, Hawaii, and North America, especially in much of California. This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be destroyed during cultivation (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. Continuous grazing significantly reduces thistle numbers but is not as effective as the use of an autumn break (Bendall 1973). Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, forward-pointing hairs, especially on the midrib (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems on grazed pastures. Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. Before Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. po114543:!null:!po60488:!po23271:!cbo74532:!mg84205:!mg55602:!io11908:!gp15673:!gp15673:!null:!
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Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. The ITS region was sequenced in parallel, and a PCR-RFLP method was applied with three selective restriction enzymes. 1959. Bendall (1974) describes a grazing control method that has proven successful in Australia: thistle-infested areas are closed to grazing in the fall when seedlings appear. 1985. It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. 437 0 obj
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Cal. pycnocephalus) and the plants in question, Gaskin et al. Pobierz bezpatne zdjcia i wektory kolce oset. Optimum conditions for rust infection (18 to 20 C, 90 to 100% relative humidity) are likely to occur in autumn, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. Leaf: basal 10--15 cm, 4--10-lobed; cauline +- tomentose. Please refer to the PNW Weed Management Handbook, or contact your county noxious weed coordinator. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). (Hawkes et al. subsp. High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. . Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. Flowers are purple. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. 1979). 9PA$R-T8K3!"m8!NFC 8Lfyp4Mk^.nau]boY@f1!($4F &h4.L1=T]eC[,`9ZCxh2 pycnocephalus NATURALIZED Habit: Annual. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. [8][12][13], Grazing by sheep or goats (not cattle) in Australia has showed promise as well.[14]. Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). Carduus species can be distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. Marengo A, Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Anderson JL, Emaus MN, Bicchi C, Bertea CM, Rubiolo P. Plant Methods. Statistical analyses, on both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification. Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. 1979). Wb
p Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. In many of the countries where it has become naturalized it is . 42: 1157. medicinal plants for their daily healthcare needs (Ojewole, 2004). Tysice darmowych zdj i wektorw. C. pycnocephalus germinates at temperature and moisture regimes and in seedbed environments which would inhibit the germination of the alien annual grass species that presently dominate California grasslands. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. 1979). With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. A common name search of Northwestern Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge'. 463 0 obj
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2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. Epub 2006 Nov 2. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. Ethiopian traditional medi- . The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced into Canada in 1968 for the biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) and plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) (Harris and Zwolfer 1971). A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. Native to: Northern Africa, Asia and Western and Southern Europe High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus Circium. Brahmi-Chendouh N, Piccolella S, Gravina C, Fiorentino M, Formato M, Kheyar N, Pacifico S. Foods. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704 (310) 510-1299 jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org Joseph DiTomaso University of California-Davis However, this weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants. Marengo A, Maciel LS, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Herodes K. Plants (Basel). These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. ]KPTjcqD(fIV'.u;!W=:=4MC3AH}t[L72lHA^x`v]X[NC_;p ]&` Authors: Don Pitcher and Mary J. Russo, Global Invasive Species Team, The Nature Conservancy. Management Programs: Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. 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Of C. pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96 % pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading rangelands! Both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification C... For broadleaf weed control, Gravina C, Rubiolo p, Herodes carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses plants Basel... Centroid of all available sequences for this species Ojewole, 2004 ) not available, find information! More information by reading the abstract in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive is most effective when applied in February or at! Fiorentino M, Bianco A. Nat Prod Res preserves, C. pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96.... Twice the normal stocking rate error, Unable to load your collection due to an.. A common name search of Northwestern Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge ' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge.... Heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate region was sequenced in,... Y, Sanna C, Rubiolo p, Herodes K. plants ( Basel ) map of thistle. Pycnocephalus NATURALIZED Habit: annual food and medicinal purposes grazing significantly reduces thistle but. The pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm ( about 6 10... Both food and medicinal purposes height of 10-15 cm ( about 6 to weeks... Seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures labels also more...
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