characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture - ResearchGate [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Agriculture >. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Agriculture - Ethiopian Statistics Service The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. The General Characteristics of Ethiopia - GradesFixer Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Abstract and Figures. "National Statistical Abstract. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Section D. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . J. However, the expected level was not achieved. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. Ethiopia - End-line Survey for the Impact Evaluation of the UN Joint While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. An estimated 85 percent of the . Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. Challenges and prospects of agricultural production and productivity - GRIN The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. Extent, Distribution, and Causes of Soil Acidity under Subsistence However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . 27 May 2021. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . A critical review of rural development policy of Ethiopia: access Physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands and farmers' soil Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. ", Table D.2. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. PDF Ethiopian Cattle Genetic Resource and Unique Characteristics - IJSR Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. 2. Agriculture. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Effects of liming and different land use types on phosphorus sorption Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . 133 8.5.2. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. [7] Advanced Search Citation Search . [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Ethiopian Highlands - Africa RISING Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Factors affecting crop prodution in Ethiopia - Academia.edu The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. PDF Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil PDF Ethiopian Agriculture: A Dynamic Geographic Perspective The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. Climate change and specialty coffee potential in Ethiopia In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. PDF TIGRAY ESIA SOIL CHARACTERISTICS - African Development Bank