what was true about the gulf of tonkin incident

The order to retaliate was given less than thirty minutes after the initial report. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. At the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. Unlike much else that followed, this incident is undisputed, although no one from the US government ever admitted publicly that the attack was likely provoked by its covert actions. Besides the situation in Vietnam, Johnson was very concerned with the upcoming election of 1964. President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. In August 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. The destroyer was retiring to the south. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B), also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. It also declared that the maintenance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia was vital to American interests and to world peace. Explanation: President Lyndon Johnson utilized the Gulf of Tonkin occurrence to enlarge the war. C. It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. Quoted in Dale Andrade and Kenneth Conboy, "The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident," Naval History, 13:4, July/August 1999, pp. 1964 promised to be a volatile year in an already charged arena. President Johnson is overcome with grief as he listens to a tape sent by his son-in-law, Captain Charles Robb, from Vietnam in 1968. On board the ship, Commander, Destroyer Division 192, Captain John J. Herrick ordered the vessel out to sea, hoping to avoid a confrontation. What should have stood out to the U.S. leadership collecting all the data of these attacks was that, with the exception of the battle report, no other SIGINT "chatter" was detected during the attacks on 4 August. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . What was true about the gulf tonkin incident? What really happened to the USS Maddox on that dark night in the Gulf of Tonkin? Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and President Johnson were both convinced of the reality of the second attack, however, and thus they asked Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. In the ensuing firefight, one of the torpedo boats was badly damaged, but the Maddox escaped harm. President Johnson signed it on August 10, giving the executive far greater power to conduct military operations, without a declaration of war, than had ever been granted before. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched Americas full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. On 6 August, when called before a joint session of the Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services committees to testify about the incident, McNamara eluded the questioning of Senator Wayne Morse (D-OR) when he asked specifically whether the 34A operations may have provoked the North Vietnamese response. Johnson and McNamara recording, 03 August 1964 at 10:30 a.m., recording provided by the, Presidential Recordings Program, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. But no declassified information had suggested that McNamara, Johnson, or anyone else in the decision-making process had intentionally misinterpreted the intelligence concerning the 4 August incident. From the point of view of the Maddox, the attack had been unprovoked, though North Vietnam was under the impression that the Maddox had been involved in the raids on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands. The South Vietnameseconducted OPLAN 34A raids and the U.S. Navy's Desoto patrols could be perceived as collaborative efforts against North Vietnamese targets. . Indiquez si les phrases suivantes sont vraies ou fausses. He was a decorated war hero from World War II and the Korean War, with a great enough public presence to consider politics if he so chose after his military career. The process of Vietnamization involved shifting fighting in the Vietnam War from Americans to the Southern Vietnamese. The targets were military or directly applicable to the North Vietnamese ability to wage war on South Vietnam. Early in the morning, during the Desoto patrols, the USS Maddox received. TURNER JOY reports two torpedoes passed near her.14, McNamara phoned Sharp at 1608 Washington time to talk it over and asked, "Was there a possibility that there had been no attack?" 4. Pulitzer-prize winning journalist Seymour Hersh has shed more light on US-Norwegian military cooperation which started after the end of the Second World War, and evoked memories of the controversial Gulf of Tonkin incident that opened the door to the . Roe v. Wade, the court case that legalized abortion hinged on what legal idea? Its stated purpose was to approve and support the determination of the president, as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. Own ship screw noises on rudders may have accounted for some. Five nations with a multiparty system of government.conduct a brief search of secondary source to find a answer. On 2nd August, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats travelled towards the Maddox. On 28 July, the Maddox sortied from Taiwan en route to her Desoto patrol station. There is no doubting that fact. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem Resulted from a minor naval conflict The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. 27. In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. One pilot was killed, Richard Sather, and another was captured, Everett Alvarez, who was held in Hoa Lo Prison, better known as the Hanoi Hilton, for eight years. On further examination, it was found to be referring to the 2 August attacks against the Maddox but had been routinely transmitted in a follow-up report during the second "attack." Moreover, another intercepted report seemed to confirm that the attack had in fact taken place, and thus Herricks caution was not taken seriously. Stockdale reported seeing no torpedo boats. Naval Academy. As far as Vietnam was concerned, Johnson tried, and largely succeeded, balancing support for the US allies in the south but not committing too many resources, especially soldiers, to the fight in Asia. The encounter sparked the first open fighting between the United States and North Vietnam, the first U.S. bombing of the North and an intensification of U.S. support for South Vietnam. The US has form for this kind of "fabricated" naval incident (see 2 and 3 above) say theorists, referring back to the second Tonkin Gulf incident in which the US is alleged to have faked a naval clash with the North Vietnamese navy. 8. Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. It was certainly convenient as a reason for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam War. 28. Tensions heightened in the Tonkin Gulf. However, the initial incidents have stirred up great controversy given the varying accounts of the Originally, it was claimed by the National Security Agency that the North Vietnamese Navy fired torpedo boats towards the USS Maddox on August 4, 1964. Although the raid was successful (the oil depot was completely destroyed and 33 of 35 vessels were hit), two American aircraft were shot down; one pilot was killed and the second captured.20, On 7 August, Congress, with near unanimity, approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which President Johnson signed into law three days later. ), pp. The Gulf Tonkin Incidents were the pretext for President Johnson to create and ultimately pass the Gulf Tonkin Resolution, which ultimately allowed the US to escalate the Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War) into a large-scale war. le tourisme responsable, c'est de ne plus voyager du tout. None of these communications occurred on the night of 4 August. On the morning of 4 August, U.S. intelligence intercepted a report indicating that the communists intended to conduct offensive maritime operations in the Gulf of Tonkin. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Resulted from a minor naval conflictc. Reply. It showed the military superiority of the South Vietnamese. The Kerner Commission explained urban riots as the result of which of the following, Black frustration with the hopelessness of urban poverty, The Stonewall incident that catalyzed the gay rights movement occurred when __________, Bar patrons in New York City protested a police raid. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen, Which of the following is true about President Johnson and the Vietnam War?. It covers everything. 2. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken.. What was true about the gulf of Tonkin incident? The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, in 1964, was a major turning point in United States military involvement in Vietnam. 16, No. The featured story comes from the Counter Currents website and was titled: Covert Operations In Continue reading (20) The more astute cardboard-roll hangers wait until they have been placed in the closet, out of view, before they collapse. Fog of War - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Vietnam War - In the mid-1950s, the U.S. intervened militarily in Vietnam, beginning what has been called a "crisis in slow motion." Americans convinced that the fall of South Vietnam to Communism would eventually result in the "fall" of all of Southeast Asia, believed this war was an effort to prevent North Vietnam from unifying North and . But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full . In contrast to the clear conditions two days earlier, thunderstorms and rain squalls reduced visibility and increased wave heights to six feet. 2. Several years later, as the American public became increasingly disillusioned with the Vietnam War, many congressmen came to see the resolution as giving the president a blanket power to wage war, and the resolution was repealed in 1970. 132 (01 Dec 2005). We probably shot up a radar station and a few other miscellaneous buildings. Unbelievable, but true. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control. of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? Historians have long suspected that the second attack in the Gulf of Tonkin never occurred and that the resolution was based on faulty evidence. and That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. Corrections? At roughly the same time, the USS Maddox engaged in electronic surveillance also in the Gulf. The president agreed and ordered Operation Pierce Arrow, an airstrike on North Vietnamese mainland targets. Inlet of Tonkin episode, complex maritime occasion in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the shore of Vietnam, that was introduced to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unmerited assaults by North Vietnamese torpedo water crafts on the destroyers. In addition, even though the losses from bombing could and usually were significant, the North Vietnamese often gained a morale boost when they would shoot an American bomber out of the sky. A joint resolution of Congress dated August 7, 1964, gave the president authority to increase U.S. involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam and served as the legal basis for escalations in the Johnson and Nixon administrations that likely dwarfed what most Americans could have imagined in August 1964. Three patrol craft attacked a security garrison at Cua Ron (the mouth of the Ron River) and a radar site at Vinh Son, firing 770 rounds of high-explosive munitions at the targets.8 North Vietnamese installations had been attacked four separate times in five days. He arrived overhead at 2135. The events between July 30 and August 10, 1964, are viewed as the tipping point of American involvement in Vietnam. At 1440, the destroyer detected three North Vietnamese patrol boats approaching her position from the west. On August 2, it was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Answer. The following day, the Maddox found that it was being approached by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Historical Series, version XVI, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 293. Fill each blank with the word from the list below that best fits the context. At 2336, President Johnson appeared on national television and announced his intent to retaliate against North Vietnamese targets: "Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with positive reply. Almost immediately upon taking the helm in Vietnam, Westmoreland called for greater troop strength throughout South Vietnam. 11. The film won the Academy Award for best documentary feature for 2003. a spy ring? Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. The National Security Agency originally claimed that another sea battle, the Second Gulf of Tonkin incident, occurred on August 4, 1964, but instead evidence was found of "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Questions about the Gulf of Tonkin incidents have persisted for more than 40 years. Libby Prison. CINCPACFLT 140203ZJuly64. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, president Johnson acted before all the facts became known. . 22. In the Gulf of Tonkin incident, North Vietnamese torpedo boats supposedly attacked the USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin, off Vietnam, in a pair of assaults on August 2 and 4 of 1964. HOPE THIS HELPS YOU. . 16. We may never know the whole truth behind the Tonkin events and the motivations of those involved. But the US bombing of North Vietnam on August 4, 1964, in retaliation for an alleged naval attack that never happened, was not a move by LBJ to pave the way for war in Vietnam. McNamara was informed of this doubt but decided to remain quiet because Pierce-Arrow was already in motion. 6. U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. Was the Gulf of Tonkin incident staged USS Maddox On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Moreover, some intercepts were altered to show different receipt times, and other evidence was cherry picked to deliberately distort the truth. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Over the next three hours, the two ships repeatedly maneuvered at high speeds to evade perceived enemy boat attacks. by John Prados. By the night of August 4, the U.S. military had intercepted North Vietnamese communications that led officials to believe that a North Vietnamese attack on its destroyers was being planned. On hearing of the authorization's passage by both houses of Congress, the delighted President remarked that the resolution "was like Grandma's nightshirt. Details of action following present a confusing picture. The USS Maddox destroyer, which was the U.S. ship involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident, shown in the 1960s. So the Gulf of Tonkin incident was staged claiming that . The United States was playing a dangerous game. On the night of July 3031, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked North Vietnamese radar and military installations on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. Rather than being on a routine patrol Aug. 2, the U.S. destroyer Maddox was actually engaged in aggressive intelligence-gathering maneuvers in sync with coordinated attacks on North Vietnam by the South Vietnamese navy and the Laotian air force. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution portrayed U.S. motives as maintaining peace and security in Asia, . It was the beginning of the United States air assault against North Vietnam that lasted until the end of the war. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT a. . 31. The Columbia History of the Vietnam War. D. food and medical care 1 The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, escalator of the Vietnam War, never happened Conspiracy theory: The Gulf of Tonkin incident, a major escalator of US involvement in the Vietnam War, never actually occurred. Stockdale and the other pilots, with orders to "attack and destroy the PT boats," made multiple firing runs on the enemy vessels. John Prados, "Tonkin Gulf Intelligence 'Skewed' According to Official History and Intercepts," National Security Agency Electronic Briefing Book, no. Until then, the United States supported South Vietnam by every means at its disposal, short of fully engaging its military. C'estr difficile pour nous de changr nos modes de vie. Johnson and his advisers had approved retaliatory strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases as soon as the reports of the apparent attack of August 4 came in. www.WhiteHouseTapes.org. On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. On the evening of July 30-31, South Vietnamese commandos attacked two North Vietnamese islands near where. . Interpreting this as an act of North Vietnamese aggression, the US government responded by ordering greater military involvement in Vietnam. The resolution was introduced in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, during which two US naval ships were allegedly attacked by North . When asked by a reporter if he knew of any confrontations between the South and North Vietnamese navies, he responded: "No, none that I know of. She recruited volunteers from among the Union prisoners held at All of the enemy boats were heading northwest at about 40 knots, two in front of the third by about a mile. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 13. The North Vietnamese boats attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. That report had been misinterpreted, however. Instead, it's believed that the crewmembers of the Maddox mistook their own sonar . The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. Yes it happened. As the battle continued, he realized the "attacks" were actually the results of "overeager sonar operators" and poor equipment performance. They were there as part of an effort to support South Vietnamese military raids on what was then the North Vietnamese coast. The resolution served as the principal constitutional authorization for the subsequent vast escalation of the United States military involvement in the Vietnam War. Hey, did yall hear Thutmose the Great didnt actually damage Hapshetsups monuments? It was probably his kid, so history has been mad at the wrong person all along. . An intercepted SIGINT message, apparently from one of the patrol boats, reported: "Shot down two planes in the battle area. The Pentagon Papers, published in the 1970's subsequently proved that the claims, along with the rest of the information published by the American government justifying US involvement in Vietnam were falsehoods. "21, Navy Captain John J. Herrick (left), pictured with Maddox skipper Commander Herbert L. Ogier on board the destroyer, kept his superiors informed during the alleged battle with North Vietnamese PT boats on 4 August. One of the pilots, Navy Commander James Stockdale, commanding officer of VF-51, recalled that they passed over the unscathed Maddox at 1530, minutes after the 22-minute surface engagement had ended. Operations carried during peace-time by civilian organisation, as well as covert government agencies, may by extension be called false flag operations if they seek to hide the real organisation behind an operation. Critique does not simply mean The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 108. OPEC's embargo of oil exports to the United States in retaliation for American intervention in the Middle East. Johnson was also about to go on national television to describe the attacks and request the authority to undertake a military response, even though the decision had already been made. Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? And six decades ago, so the histories of those years have it, a small group of Norwegian seamen were entangled in a presidential deceit that led to an earlyand bloodyturning point in the Vietnam war. He sent a flash (highest priority) message to Honolulu, which was received in Washington at 1327 on 4 August, declaring his doubts: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. However the human race LOVEs . In return, the lead vessel launched a torpedo and veered away. On an audio tape from the Johnson Library declassified in December 2005, he admitted to the President the morning after the attacks that the two events were almost certainly connected: And I think I should also, or we should also at that time, Mr. President, explain this OPLAN 34-A, these covert operations. Codenamed Operations Plan (OPLAN) 34A, the activities were conceived and overseen by the Department of Defense, with the support of the Central Intelligence Agency, and carried out by the South Vietnamese Navy. Although the U.S. destroyers were operating more than 100 miles from the North Vietnamese coastline, the approaching vessels seemed to come at the ships from multiple directions, some from the northeast, others from the southwest. "17, McNamara considered the report, coupled with Admiral Sharp's belief the attack was authentic, as conclusive proof. The military build-up that had been piecemeal would rise in earnest over the next four years and impact a generation for decades to come. Those communications most likely referred to operations to salvage the torpedo boat that had been damaged in the earlier firefight. He is currently assigned as the Andean Ridge and Southern Cone Desk officer at U.S. Cover-Up Worse Than Crime: Silence Around Hersh's Bombshell & Ominous Gulf of Tonkin Parallels. Fifty years ago, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the U.S.S. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? Both the Maddox and the C. Turner Joy fired repeatedly into the stormy night. Despite this type of loss throughout the war, the North Vietnamese continued to fight. "23, Relying on faulty and misinterpreted intelligence about the 4 August incident, an overanxious President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered retaliatory U.S. air strikes, which he announced to the American public at 2336 Washington time that night.Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, The historian also concluded that some of the signals intercepted during the nights of 2 and 4 August were falsified to support the retaliatory attacks. O A. land and freedom

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